Trucking Company Safety Manual

What Should a Trucking Company Safety Manual Include?

The contents of a Trucking Company Safety Manual should reflect the company’s operations.

Depending on the fleet and work performed, the manual may address:

• Safety responsibilities.
• Driver qualification and authorization.
• Driver Safety and Defensive Driving.
• Motor vehicle safety.
• Seat belt use.
• Distracted driving.
• Speed management.
• Fatigue.
• Hours of service.
• Vehicle inspections.
• Vehicle maintenance.
• Backing and spotters.
• Loading and unloading.
• Cargo securement.
• Loading docks.
• Trailer safety.
• Forklifts and powered industrial trucks.
• Manual material handling.
• Slips, trips, and falls.
• Fall hazards from trailers and equipment.
• Hazard Communication.
• Fueling.
• Hazardous materials when applicable.
• Personal Protective Equipment.
• Vehicle breakdowns.
• Roadside emergencies.
• Severe weather.
• Incident reporting and investigation.

Programs should be selected according to the company’s vehicles, freight, facilities, employee duties, and actual workplace hazards.

Trucking Company Safety Program

An effective Trucking Safety Program establishes responsibilities and procedures for preventing occupational injuries, vehicle incidents, property damage, and other losses.

Management should provide employees with appropriate vehicles, equipment, training, supervision, maintenance resources, PPE, and safe work procedures.

Managers, supervisors, dispatchers, fleet personnel, and designated safety personnel should:

• Establish safe-driving expectations.
• Verify driver authorization and qualifications.
• Maintain applicable written safety programs.
• Maintain vehicles in safe operating condition.
• Review inspection reports.
• Correct vehicle defects.
• Evaluate workplace hazards.
• Coordinate loading and unloading activities.
• Investigate vehicle and employee incidents.
• Monitor safety performance.
• Provide required training.
• Maintain applicable records.

Drivers and other employees should follow established procedures, inspect equipment, wear seat belts, operate vehicles safely, report defects, secure loads, use required PPE, and promptly report accidents, injuries, near misses, unsafe conditions, and other hazards.

Driver Authorization

Employees should operate company vehicles only when authorized.

Driver authorization procedures may consider:

• Appropriate license.
• Vehicle classification.
• Required endorsements.
• Driving experience.
• Training.
• Company approval.
• Applicable regulatory requirements.

Employees should not operate vehicles for which they are not properly authorized or qualified.

Driver Safety and Defensive Driving

Drivers should operate vehicles defensively and maintain sufficient time and distance to recognize and respond to changing roadway conditions.

Safe-driving practices should include:

• Maintaining adequate following distance.
• Scanning ahead.
• Monitoring mirrors.
• Anticipating changing traffic.
• Adjusting for weather.
• Controlling speed.
• Avoiding abrupt maneuvers.
• Maintaining escape options.
• Remaining alert for pedestrians, cyclists, and other vehicles.

Drivers should not allow delivery schedules or production pressure to override safe-driving decisions.

Seat Belt Use

Drivers and passengers should wear seat belts whenever the vehicle is in motion.

Employees should not disable, bypass, or misuse seat-belt systems.

Drivers should ensure that passengers occupy approved seating positions equipped with appropriate restraints.

Distracted Driving

Drivers should avoid activities that interfere with safe vehicle operation.

Potential distractions include:

• Mobile phones.
• Text messaging.
• Navigation systems.
• Paperwork.
• Food and beverages.
• Electronic devices.
• Reaching for objects.
• Other activities requiring attention away from driving.

Drivers should stop at a safe location when a task cannot be performed safely while driving.

Mobile Device Use

Company procedures should establish clear expectations for mobile-device use while driving.

Employees should comply with applicable restrictions involving:

• Text messaging.
• Hand-held phones.
• Electronic dispatch systems.
• Other electronic devices.

Drivers should prioritize vehicle control and roadway awareness.

Speed Management

Drivers should comply with applicable speed limits and reduce speed when conditions require.

Factors affecting safe speed may include:

• Traffic.
• Weather.
• Visibility.
• Road condition.
• Vehicle weight.
• Load.
• Curves.
• Grades.
• Work zones.
• Pedestrians.
• Available stopping distance.

A posted speed limit does not necessarily represent a safe speed under adverse conditions.

Following Distance

Large commercial vehicles require greater stopping distance than passenger vehicles.

Drivers should maintain enough following distance to stop safely while accounting for:

• Vehicle weight.
• Load.
• Speed.
• Traffic.
• Weather.
• Road surface.
• Grade.

Following distance should be increased when conditions deteriorate.

Lane Changes and Blind Spots

Commercial vehicles can have substantial blind areas.

Before changing lanes, drivers should:

• Check mirrors.
• Signal.
• Evaluate surrounding traffic.
• Allow sufficient clearance.
• Recheck the intended path.

Drivers should remain aware of vehicles entering blind areas.

Intersections

Drivers should approach intersections prepared for changing traffic signals, pedestrians, turning vehicles, and vehicles entering unexpectedly.

Drivers should avoid entering an intersection unless sufficient space is available to clear it safely.

Railroad Crossings

Drivers should comply with applicable railroad-crossing requirements.

Employees should never attempt to cross when warning devices indicate an approaching train or when insufficient clearance exists on the opposite side of the tracks.

Work Zones

Drivers should use additional caution in highway and construction work zones.

Potential hazards include:

• Reduced lanes.
• Workers near traffic.
• Equipment.
• Uneven pavement.
• Sudden stops.
• Temporary barriers.
• Changed traffic patterns.

Drivers should reduce speed and maintain additional following distance.

Adverse Weather

Drivers should evaluate conditions involving:

• Rain.
• Snow.
• Ice.
• Fog.
• High winds.
• Dust.
• Flooding.
• Extreme heat or cold.

Speed and travel plans should be adjusted according to conditions.

Drivers should stop or delay travel when conditions become too dangerous for safe operation.

High Winds

High-profile trailers may be affected by strong winds.

Drivers should consider:

• Wind speed.
• Wind direction.
• Trailer type.
• Load weight.
• Road exposure.
• Bridges.
• Open areas.

Empty or lightly loaded trailers may require additional caution.

Reduced Visibility

Fog, rain, snow, smoke, dust, darkness, and glare can significantly reduce visibility.

Drivers should reduce speed and increase following distance.

Vehicle lighting should be used according to applicable requirements.

Fatigue Management

Fatigue can significantly impair reaction time, attention, judgment, and decision-making.

Trucking operations should address fatigue risks associated with:

• Long workdays.
• Night driving.
• Irregular schedules.
• Loading delays.
• Extended waiting periods.
• Long-distance travel.
• Insufficient rest.
• Physically demanding loading or unloading.

Drivers should not operate a vehicle when fatigue prevents safe operation.

Hours of Service

Drivers subject to federal or other applicable Hours-of-Service requirements should comply with those requirements.

Company procedures should address:

• Driving time.
• On-duty time.
• Required rest.
• Applicable breaks.
• Recordkeeping.
• Electronic logging where required.
• Applicable exemptions.

Dispatch and scheduling practices should not encourage or require drivers to violate Hours-of-Service limits.

Driver Fitness for Duty

Drivers should report for work capable of safely performing assigned duties.

Conditions that may affect safe driving include:

• Fatigue.
• Illness.
• Medication effects.
• Alcohol.
• Drugs.
• Severe stress.
• Other impairments.

Employees should report conditions that may make vehicle operation unsafe.

Journey and Route Planning

Drivers and dispatch personnel should consider foreseeable conditions before trips.

Planning may include:

• Route.
• Delivery location.
• Weather.
• Traffic.
• Vehicle restrictions.
• Construction.
• Bridges.
• Low clearances.
• Weight restrictions.
• Fuel.
• Rest opportunities.
• Emergency contacts.

Drivers should not rely exclusively on consumer navigation systems when commercial-vehicle restrictions may apply.

Commercial Vehicle Inspections

Vehicles should be inspected according to applicable company and regulatory requirements.

Drivers should be satisfied that the vehicle is in safe operating condition before operation.

Inspection procedures may address:

• Brakes.
• Tires.
• Wheels.
• Steering.
• Lights.
• Mirrors.
• Windshield.
• Horn.
• Wipers.
• Coupling equipment.
• Trailer condition.
• Safety equipment.
• Cargo securement.

Defects affecting safe operation should be corrected before the vehicle is placed into service.

Pre-Trip Inspection

Before beginning a trip, the driver should evaluate the vehicle and trailer for conditions that could affect safe operation.

The inspection may include:

• Fluid leaks.
• Tires.
• Wheels.
• Lighting.
• Reflectors.
• Brakes.
• Mirrors.
• Windshield.
• Coupling devices.
• Trailer doors.
• Load securement.
• Emergency equipment.

The inspection should be appropriate to the type of vehicle operated.

Post-Trip Inspection

Drivers should report vehicle defects or deficiencies discovered during or after operation according to company and applicable regulatory procedures.

Maintenance personnel should evaluate reported defects and make necessary repairs.

Vehicle Defect Reporting

Employees should promptly report conditions such as:

• Brake problems.
• Tire damage.
• Steering defects.
• Lighting failures.
• Fluid leaks.
• Suspension damage.
• Coupling defects.
• Damaged safety equipment.

A vehicle with a defect that makes operation unsafe should not be driven until the condition is appropriately corrected.

Vehicle Maintenance

Vehicles should be systematically inspected, repaired, and maintained.

Maintenance procedures should address:

• Preventive maintenance.
• Reported defects.
• Repair documentation.
• Tire service.
• Brake service.
• Lighting.
• Steering.
• Suspension.
• Coupling equipment.
• Emergency equipment.

Repairs should be performed by employees or contractors qualified for the work.

Tractor-Trailer Coupling

Drivers should verify proper tractor-trailer connection before movement.

Procedures should address:

• Fifth-wheel engagement.
• Kingpin connection.
• Air lines.
• Electrical connections.
• Landing gear.
• Trailer height.
• Visual verification.

Drivers should conduct an appropriate tug test or other verification before departing.

Uncoupling

Before uncoupling a trailer, drivers should:

• Select a suitable surface.
• Secure the vehicle.
• Position landing gear.
• Disconnect appropriate lines.
• Verify trailer stability.

Employees should remain aware of crush and pinch hazards during the process.

Trailer Landing Gear

Employees operating landing gear should:

• Maintain stable footing.
• Keep hands clear of pinch points.
• Use proper body positioning.
• Report damaged or difficult equipment.

Defective landing gear should be repaired.

Backing Safety

Backing commercial vehicles creates substantial struck-by and collision hazards.

Drivers should avoid unnecessary backing whenever practical.

Before backing, drivers should evaluate:

• Pedestrians.
• Vehicles.
• Structures.
• Overhead hazards.
• Dock position.
• Blind spots.
• Available space.

Drivers should stop when uncertain of clearance.

Get Out and Look

When a driver cannot clearly determine the backing path, the driver should stop in a safe location and visually inspect the area before continuing.

Drivers should recheck the path when conditions change.

Spotters

Spotters should be used when appropriate for difficult backing situations.

Before movement begins, the driver and spotter should agree on:

• Hand signals.
• Spotter position.
• Intended vehicle path.
• Stop signal.

The driver should stop immediately if sight or communication with the spotter is lost.

Pedestrian Safety

Drivers should remain alert for pedestrians at:

• Terminals.
• Warehouses.
• Loading docks.
• Truck stops.
• Customer facilities.
• Construction sites.
• Delivery locations.

Employees on foot should avoid vehicle blind spots and make eye contact with drivers before approaching moving equipment.

Loading and Unloading

Loading and unloading activities can expose employees to falling materials, shifting loads, forklifts, dock edges, trailers, vehicles, and manual-handling hazards.

Procedures should reflect the type of freight and equipment being handled.

Employees should understand who controls the loading or unloading operation before work begins.

Loading Area Assessment

Before loading or unloading, employees should evaluate:

• Ground conditions.
• Traffic.
• Pedestrians.
• Lighting.
• Dock condition.
• Trailer position.
• Freight condition.
• Material-handling equipment.
• Overhead hazards.

Unsafe conditions should be corrected or controlled before work begins.

Trailer Restraint

Trailers should be appropriately secured during loading and unloading to prevent unintended movement.

Controls may include:

• Vehicle restraint systems.
• Wheel chocks.
• Parking brakes.
• Other approved methods.

The method should be appropriate to the facility, trailer, and equipment being used.

Trailer Entry

Before forklifts or other equipment enter a trailer, employees should verify that the trailer can safely support the operation.

Considerations may include:

• Trailer condition.
• Floor condition.
• Trailer restraint.
• Dockboard condition.
• Trailer support.
• Lighting.
• Clearance.

Damaged trailers should not be entered with powered equipment until their ability to safely support the load has been evaluated.

Loading Docks

Loading docks present hazards involving:

• Falls from dock edges.
• Forklifts.
• Trailers.
• Pedestrians.
• Wet or icy surfaces.
• Dockboards.
• Moving vehicles.

Dock areas should be maintained in safe condition.

Employees should remain a safe distance from unprotected dock edges.

Dockboards and Bridge Plates

Dockboards and bridge plates should be:

• Suitable for the intended load.
• Properly positioned.
• Secured when required.
• Maintained in safe condition.

Employees should verify that dock equipment is properly positioned before crossing.

Forklifts and Powered Industrial Trucks

Trucking terminals and warehouses may use forklifts or other Powered Industrial Trucks.

Only trained and authorized operators should use powered industrial trucks.

Procedures should address:

• Operator training.
• Pre-use inspections.
• Pedestrians.
• Dock edges.
• Trailer entry.
• Load stability.
• Speed.
• Charging or fueling.

Forklift Trailer Entry

Before entering a trailer with a forklift, the operator should verify:

• Trailer restraint.
• Trailer floor condition.
• Dockboard position.
• Trailer support when necessary.
• Adequate clearance.

Operators should drive carefully and remain alert to trailer edges and surface conditions.

Cargo Securement

Cargo should be loaded and secured to prevent shifting, falling, leaking, or otherwise creating a hazard during transportation.

Securement methods should be appropriate to the:

• Cargo.
• Vehicle.
• Weight.
• Shape.
• Packaging.
• Applicable transportation requirements.

Drivers should inspect securement according to applicable requirements.

Load Distribution

Cargo should be distributed to maintain appropriate vehicle stability and axle loading.

Improper load distribution can affect:

• Steering.
• Braking.
• Vehicle stability.
• Tire loading.
• Trailer handling.

Drivers should not depart with a load known to create an unsafe condition.

Load Securement Equipment

Securement devices may include:

• Straps.
• Chains.
• Binders.
• Bars.
• Blocks.
• Bracing.
• Dunnage.
• Other devices.

Damaged or unsuitable securement equipment should not be used.

Opening Trailer Doors

Cargo may shift during transportation and press against trailer doors.

Employees should use caution before opening doors.

When conditions suggest a shifted load may be present, employees should avoid standing directly in the potential path of falling or moving cargo.

Flatbed Operations — When Applicable

Flatbed drivers may encounter additional hazards involving:

• Straps.
• Chains.
• Binders.
• Tarps.
• Elevated work.
• Falling cargo.
• Load shifting.
• Manual material handling.

Procedures should address these hazards when flatbed operations are performed.

Tarping Loads

Tarping can expose employees to falls, overexertion, awkward postures, and wind.

Where possible, tarping should be performed using methods that minimize climbing onto loads or trailers.

Mechanical tarping systems or ground-based methods should be considered where practical.

Load Binders and Chains

Employees should keep their body out of the potential release path when tightening or releasing chains and binders.

Damaged chains, hooks, binders, or other securement devices should be removed from service.

Freight Handling

Employees handling freight manually should evaluate:

• Weight.
• Size.
• Shape.
• Stability.
• Distance.
• Required lifting height.

Mechanical assistance should be used when appropriate.

Manual Material Handling

Trucking employees may manually handle:

• Boxes.
• Pallets.
• Furniture.
• Equipment.
• Dollies.
• Tires.
• Cargo straps.
• Other freight.

Employees should avoid unnecessary lifting and use carts, dollies, pallet jacks, liftgates, forklifts, or other material-handling equipment where appropriate.

Liftgates

Employees operating liftgates should receive appropriate instruction.

Potential hazards include:

• Pinch points.
• Crushing.
• Falling freight.
• Unexpected platform movement.
• Vehicle traffic.
• Falls.

Employees should remain clear of moving components and follow equipment instructions.

Hand Trucks and Dollies

Hand trucks and dollies should be inspected and used within their intended capacity.

Employees should:

• Maintain control of the load.
• Keep the travel path clear.
• Use caution on ramps.
• Avoid overloaded equipment.
• Keep hands and feet clear of pinch points.

Falls from Trucks and Trailers

Drivers may be injured while climbing onto or descending from:

• Tractor steps.
• Cabs.
• Trailers.
• Flatbeds.
• Tankers.
• Equipment.

Employees should use designated access points and maintain secure contact.

Jumping from trailers or cabs should be avoided.

Three-Point Contact

Employees should maintain appropriate three-point contact when climbing into or out of cabs or other equipment where feasible.

Employees should face the vehicle when climbing and keep steps and handholds clear of mud, grease, ice, and other contaminants.

Walking-Working Surfaces

Terminal, warehouse, dock, yard, and maintenance areas should be maintained to reduce slips, trips, and falls.

Potential hazards include:

• Oil.
• Fuel.
• Water.
• Ice.
• Potholes.
• Uneven pavement.
• Cords.
• Cargo.
• Debris.

Hazards should be corrected or controlled promptly.

Yard Safety

Truck yards may contain constant movement of tractors, trailers, forklifts, hostlers, and pedestrians.

Yard procedures should address:

• Traffic flow.
• Speed.
• Parking.
• Backing.
• Pedestrian routes.
• Lighting.
• Trailer storage.
• Communication.

Employees should wear high-visibility protection when required by the hazard assessment or customer/site requirements.

Drop and Hook Operations

Drivers performing drop-and-hook operations should evaluate:

• Trailer stability.
• Ground condition.
• Landing gear.
• Trailer height.
• Air and electrical connections.
• Pedestrian and vehicle traffic.

Drivers should verify the connection before moving the trailer.

Delivery Location Safety

Drivers may encounter unfamiliar hazards at customer locations.

Before loading or unloading, drivers should evaluate:

• Traffic.
• Pedestrians.
• Dock conditions.
• Overhead hazards.
• Ground conditions.
• Site rules.
• Material-handling activities.
• Other contractors.

Drivers should follow applicable site safety requirements.

Construction Site Deliveries — When Applicable

Truck drivers delivering to construction projects may be exposed to:

• Heavy equipment.
• Excavations.
• Overhead power lines.
• Uneven ground.
• Suspended loads.
• Traffic-control zones.

Drivers should coordinate with appropriate site personnel before entering active work areas.

Roadside Work and Breakdowns

Vehicle breakdowns can expose drivers to fast-moving traffic and other hazards.

Where practical, drivers should move vehicles to a safe location away from active travel lanes.

Breakdown procedures should address:

• Warning devices.
• High-visibility apparel where appropriate.
• Emergency communication.
• Safe positioning.
• Roadside repair limitations.

Drivers should avoid unnecessary exposure to moving traffic.

Emergency Warning Devices

Required warning devices should be carried and used according to applicable transportation requirements.

Drivers should place devices without unnecessarily exposing themselves to traffic.

Tire Failure

Drivers experiencing tire failure should maintain vehicle control and move to a safe stopping location where possible.

Drivers should not perform roadside tire repairs unless they are trained, equipped, and able to do so safely.

Vehicle Maintenance Safety

Vehicle-maintenance employees may be exposed to:

• Raised vehicles.
• Moving equipment.
• Hazardous energy.
• Tires.
• Batteries.
• Chemicals.
• Welding.
• Grinding.
• Electrical hazards.
• Hot surfaces.

Maintenance procedures should address the work actually performed.

Lockout/Tagout

Where maintenance or servicing exposes employees to unexpected energization or release of hazardous energy, applicable Lockout/Tagout procedures should be followed.

Energy sources may include:

• Electrical.
• Mechanical.
• Hydraulic.
• Pneumatic.
• Stored pressure.
• Gravity.

Employees should verify energy isolation before servicing begins.

Vehicle Support

Employees working beneath raised vehicles or equipment should use appropriately rated supports.

Employees should not rely solely on hydraulic jacks to support vehicles while work is performed underneath.

Tire and Wheel Safety

Truck tires and wheel assemblies can contain significant stored energy.

Only employees trained and authorized for applicable tire-service work should perform such tasks.

Procedures should address:

• Inflation.
• Deflation.
• Inspection.
• Wheel components.
• Restraining devices where required.
• Damaged components.

Battery Safety

Vehicle batteries can expose employees to:

• Electrical energy.
• Acid.
• Hydrogen gas.
• Heavy lifting.

Employees should use appropriate PPE and follow safe charging, jump-starting, and handling procedures.

Welding and Hot Work

Vehicle repair may involve welding, cutting, brazing, or grinding.

Hot-work procedures should consider:

• Fuel.
• Flammable materials.
• Vehicle tanks.
• Batteries.
• Tires.
• Combustibles.
• Ventilation.
• Fire protection.

Fueling

Fueling areas may present fire, spill, vehicle, and chemical hazards.

Drivers should:

• Shut down equipment when required.
• Control ignition sources.
• Avoid smoking.
• Follow fueling procedures.
• Report spills.
• Avoid overfilling.

Emergency equipment should be accessible.

Diesel Exhaust

Employees working around diesel-powered vehicles may be exposed to exhaust, particularly in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas.

Controls may include:

• Ventilation.
• Exhaust extraction.
• Limiting unnecessary idling.
• Maintaining engines.
• Work-practice controls.

Engines should not be operated unnecessarily in enclosed areas.

Carbon Monoxide

Vehicle exhaust can create dangerous carbon-monoxide exposure in enclosed or partially enclosed areas.

Employees should not run engines in spaces without adequate ventilation.

Facilities should evaluate potential exposure where vehicles are operated indoors.

Hazard Communication

Trucking and maintenance operations may use hazardous chemicals such as:

• Fuels.
• Oils.
• Coolants.
• Brake cleaners.
• Degreasers.
• Solvents.
• Battery electrolyte.
• Cleaning products.

Applicable Hazard Communication procedures should address:

• Safety Data Sheets.
• Labels.
• Employee training.
• Chemical inventories.
• Non-routine tasks.

Personal Protective Equipment

PPE should be selected according to employee hazards.

Depending on the task, PPE may include:

• Safety glasses.
• Face protection.
• Gloves.
• High-visibility apparel.
• Safety footwear.
• Hearing protection.
• Chemical-resistant PPE.
• Other protection.

Drivers should carry required PPE when entering customer worksites where specific protection is necessary.

High-Visibility Apparel

High-visibility apparel may be appropriate when employees work around moving traffic, vehicles, loading areas, or other mobile equipment.

The need for high-visibility protection should be based on the hazard assessment and applicable site requirements.

Hazardous Materials — When Applicable

Trucking companies transporting hazardous materials should comply with applicable transportation and employee-safety requirements.

Procedures may address:

• Driver qualification.
• Shipping papers.
• Placards.
• Cargo securement.
• Segregation.
• Loading and unloading.
• PPE.
• Spill response.
• Emergency communication.

Employees should receive training appropriate to their responsibilities.

Hazardous Material Loading and Unloading

Employees involved in hazardous-material transfer should understand:

• Product hazards.
• Hose and connection safety.
• Static electricity.
• Spill prevention.
• Emergency shutdown.
• PPE.
• Ignition-source control.

Employees should remain in appropriate attendance when required.

Spill Prevention and Response

Drivers and terminal employees should understand procedures for spills involving:

• Fuel.
• Oil.
• Coolant.
• Cargo.
• Hazardous materials.
• Other chemicals.

Employees should:

• Protect themselves.
• Stop the operation when safe.
• Isolate the area.
• Report the release.
• Use appropriate spill equipment within their training.

Employees should not perform emergency response beyond their assigned training and protection.

Warehouse and Terminal Operations

Trucking companies that operate terminals or warehouses may require additional programs for:

• Forklifts.
• Conveyors.
• Material handling.
• Racking.
• Loading docks.
• Electrical safety.
• Machine guarding.
• Housekeeping.
• Emergency response.

The safety manual should address both transportation and fixed-facility hazards.

Housekeeping

Terminals, docks, warehouses, maintenance shops, and yards should be maintained in orderly condition.

Employees should control:

• Debris.
• Oil.
• Fuel.
• Water.
• Straps.
• Pallets.
• Packaging.
• Tools.
• Other trip hazards.

Severe Weather

Company procedures should address foreseeable severe-weather conditions.

Potential hazards include:

• Tornadoes.
• Severe thunderstorms.
• Flooding.
• Snow.
• Ice.
• Hurricanes.
• Extreme heat.
• Extreme cold.

Drivers should know when to delay travel or seek shelter.

Heat Stress

Drivers, loaders, dockworkers, and maintenance employees may perform physically demanding work in hot environments.

Heat-illness prevention measures may include:

• Drinking water.
• Rest.
• Cooling.
• Acclimatization.
• Work scheduling.
• Employee monitoring.

Cold Stress

Employees working outdoors during winter may be exposed to cold, wind, snow, and ice.

Procedures should address:

• Protective clothing.
• Warming opportunities.
• Slip hazards.
• Employee monitoring.
• Vehicle preparedness.

Working Alone

Truck drivers frequently work alone and travel to unfamiliar or remote locations.

Procedures should address appropriate methods for:

• Communication.
• Emergency reporting.
• Breakdown assistance.
• Route monitoring where appropriate.
• Security concerns.

Drivers should know how to obtain assistance during all operating hours.

Workplace Violence and Security

Drivers may encounter security and violence hazards at:

• Delivery locations.
• Truck stops.
• Parking areas.
• Terminals.
• Warehouses.
• High-crime locations.

Employees should follow company procedures for:

• Parking.
• Vehicle security.
• Cargo security.
• Confrontations.
• Suspicious activity.
• Emergency assistance.

Employees should avoid escalating confrontations over cargo, traffic, parking, or delivery disputes.

Cargo Theft and Security

Drivers should follow company procedures for safeguarding vehicles and freight.

Procedures may address:

• Parking locations.
• Vehicle locks.
• Trailer seals.
• Route information.
• Unattended vehicles.
• Reporting suspicious activity.

Employees should prioritize personal safety rather than physically confronting suspected thieves.

Emergency Action Plan

Trucking terminals, warehouses, and maintenance facilities should maintain emergency procedures appropriate to their hazards.

Potential emergencies include:

• Fire.
• Severe weather.
• Chemical release.
• Workplace violence.
• Medical emergency.
• Utility failure.

Drivers should also understand emergency procedures applicable to roadway incidents.

Fire Prevention

Trucking operations should control foreseeable fire hazards involving:

• Fuel.
• Vehicle systems.
• Batteries.
• Hot work.
• Electrical equipment.
• Maintenance operations.
• Hazardous cargo.

Fire extinguishers and other emergency equipment should be maintained as required.

First Aid

Employees should know how to obtain prompt medical assistance for occupational injuries.

First-aid arrangements should reflect:

• Terminal locations.
• Remote routes.
• Customer worksites.
• Maintenance facilities.
• Travel distance to medical services.

Motor Vehicle Accident Response

Drivers involved in a vehicle accident should follow company procedures.

Where appropriate, drivers should:

• Stop safely.
• Protect themselves from traffic.
• Obtain emergency medical assistance.
• Contact law enforcement as required.
• Notify the company.
• Avoid unnecessary confrontation.
• Preserve relevant information.
• Cooperate with authorized investigations.

Employees should not place themselves in traffic while attempting to inspect damage or gather information.

Incident Reporting

Employees should promptly report:

• Motor vehicle accidents.
• Employee injuries.
• Near misses.
• Cargo incidents.
• Loading-dock incidents.
• Equipment damage.
• Chemical spills.
• Security incidents.

Timely reporting allows the company to evaluate hazards and implement corrective actions.

Incident Investigation

Significant incidents should be investigated to identify contributing factors and corrective actions.

Investigations may consider:

• Driver decisions.
• Vehicle condition.
• Road conditions.
• Weather.
• Work schedules.
• Fatigue.
• Dispatch practices.
• Loading.
• Cargo securement.
• Training.
• Maintenance.
• Site conditions.

The investigation should address underlying causes rather than simply assigning blame.

Root Cause Analysis

Root Cause Analysis may identify underlying factors involving:

• Procedures.
• Training.
• Supervision.
• Maintenance.
• Scheduling.
• Dispatch pressure.
• Route planning.
• Fatigue management.
• Communication.
• Hazard identification.
• Corrective-action systems.

Corrective actions should address the causes identified.

Trucking Safety Training

Employee training should reflect assigned duties and actual hazards.

Depending on responsibilities, training may address:

• Driver safety.
• Defensive driving.
• Distracted driving.
• Backing.
• Vehicle inspections.
• Loading and unloading.
• Cargo securement.
• Forklifts.
• Loading docks.
• Manual material handling.
• Hazard Communication.
• PPE.
• Emergency procedures.

Task-specific training should be provided before employees independently perform higher-risk work.

New Driver Orientation

New drivers should receive appropriate orientation before independently operating company vehicles.

Orientation may include:

• Company driving policies.
• Vehicle inspections.
• Accident reporting.
• Distracted driving.
• Seat belts.
• Speed.
• Backing.
• Cargo securement.
• Fatigue.
• Emergency procedures.
• Customer-site safety.

Refresher Training

Refresher or remedial training may be appropriate following:

• Preventable accidents.
• Repeated unsafe behavior.
• Significant policy violations.
• Equipment changes.
• New job assignments.
• Identified knowledge gaps.

Safety Meetings

Periodic safety meetings may reinforce safe work practices and address emerging hazards.

Potential topics include:

• Backing.
• Distracted driving.
• Fatigue.
• Winter driving.
• Loading docks.
• Cargo securement.
• Vehicle inspections.
• Slip and fall prevention.
• Recent accidents and near misses.

Recordkeeping

Trucking companies should maintain safety and transportation records required for their operations.

Records may include:

• Employee training.
• Driver qualification information.
• Vehicle inspections.
• Maintenance.
• Accident reports.
• Injury and illness records.
• Hours-of-Service records when applicable.
• Equipment inspections.
• Incident investigations.
• Hazardous-material documentation when applicable.

Records should be retained according to applicable requirements.

OSHA and DOT/FMCSA Requirements

Trucking companies may be subject to requirements administered by different agencies.

OSHA requirements generally address occupational safety and health hazards affecting employees at terminals, loading docks, warehouses, maintenance areas, customer locations, and other workplaces.

Commercial motor carrier operations may also be regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

Depending on operations, transportation requirements may address matters such as:

• Commercial driver qualifications.
• Hours of Service.
• Vehicle inspection and maintenance.
• Commercial Motor Vehicle operation.
• Cargo securement.
• Hazardous materials.
• Drug and alcohol testing.
• Recordkeeping.

The company should determine which requirements apply to its vehicles, drivers, freight, and operating authority.

Additional Safety Programs

Depending on trucking operations and employee exposures, additional programs may be necessary for:

• Driver Safety & Defensive Driving.
• Distracted Driving.
• Fleet Vehicle Safety.
• Vehicle Maintenance.
• Fatigue Management.
• Loading & Unloading.
• Cargo Securement.
• Forklift / Powered Industrial Truck Safety.
• Material Handling.
• Manual Lifting.
• Ergonomics.
• Walking-Working Surfaces.
• Slips, Trips & Falls.
• Housekeeping.
• Hazard Communication.
• Chemical Safety.
• Personal Protective Equipment.
• Eye & Face Protection.
• Hand Protection.
• Lockout/Tagout.
• Machine Guarding.
• Electrical Safety.
• Welding, Cutting & Hot Work.
• Heat Stress Prevention.
• Cold Stress.
• Working Alone.
• Workplace Violence Prevention.
• Workplace Security.
• Emergency Action Plan.
• Fire Prevention.
• First Aid.
• Spill Prevention & Response.
• Hazardous Waste Management.
• Incident Reporting & Investigation.
• Root Cause Analysis.

Programs should be included when the company’s vehicles, facilities, maintenance operations, freight, chemicals, employee duties, and workplace exposures make them applicable.

Building a Trucking Company Safety Manual

A useful Trucking Company Safety Manual should reflect how the company actually operates.

A long-haul dry-van carrier may place greater emphasis on highway driving, fatigue, Hours of Service, cargo securement, backing, vehicle inspections, and customer-location safety.

A local delivery company may require more extensive procedures for frequent stops, loading and unloading, liftgates, hand trucks, pedestrians, manual material handling, and urban driving.

A flatbed carrier may require additional controls for chains, binders, tarping, working around loads, and cargo securement.

A carrier operating its own terminal and maintenance shop may require additional programs for forklifts, loading docks, Lockout/Tagout, machine guarding, welding, chemicals, and maintenance hazards.

A hazardous-material carrier may require substantially more specialized transportation, chemical, emergency, and loading/unloading procedures.

The safety manual should therefore be based on the company’s actual fleet and operations rather than automatically assigning every trucking-related program to every motor carrier.

Customized Trucking Company Safety Manuals

A Trucking Company Safety Manual can be developed around the company’s vehicles, drivers, freight, routes, loading and unloading activities, terminals, warehouses, maintenance shops, customer locations, and other workplace hazards.

The finished manual may incorporate applicable programs for Driver Safety, Defensive Driving, Distracted Driving, Fleet Vehicles, Fatigue Management, Vehicle Maintenance, Loading and Unloading, Cargo Securement, Forklift Safety, Material Handling, Hazard Communication, PPE, Lockout/Tagout, Emergency Action Planning, Incident Investigation, and other hazards associated with the company’s operations.

This provides trucking companies, freight carriers, delivery fleets, and other motor carriers with a practical safety manual organized around both roadway and workplace hazards.